Off the wire
Republican: $12 (52.2%)Democrat: $10 (43.5%)Independent: $1 (4.3%)23current seats

Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions

  • 12 Republican
  • 10 Democrat
  • 1 Independent

The current members, split by the party on the legislators file: one whole, counted in seats. Earlier lists are under Members.

Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions senate committee

identifier
SSHR
current members
23
subcommittees
3
bills referred
7,811 (the 108th to the 119th)
lobbyists disclosed
14

Subcommittees: Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions: Education and the American Family · Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions: Employment and Workplace Safety · Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions: Primary Health and Retirement Security

Members: 23 current seats, pulled 19 Oct 2026

This table shows current committee assignments only, from the legislators file. Earlier Congresses are listed below it, one source per Congress, and are not merged. Those sources are the legislators repo's own snapshots, and Stewart and Woon's dataset for the 103rd to 115th. Click a member's name to open their page.

memberpartystatetitle, as on the file
Bernard Sanders Independent VT Ranking Member
Bill Cassidy Republican LA Chairman
Patty Murray Democrat WA
Rand Paul Republican KY
Susan M. Collins Republican ME
Tammy Baldwin Democrat WI
Christopher Murphy Democrat CT
Lisa Murkowski Republican AK
Roger Marshall Republican KS
Tim Kaine Democrat VA
Margaret Wood Hassan Democrat NH
Tim Scott Republican SC
John W. Hickenlooper Democrat CO
Josh Hawley Republican MO
Edward J. Markey Democrat MA
Tommy Tuberville Republican AL
Andy Kim Democrat NJ
Jim Banks Republican IN
Jon Husted Republican OH
Lisa Blunt Rochester Democrat DE
Angela D. Alsobrooks Democrat MD
Ashley Moody Republican FL
Alan Armstrong Republican OK

Earlier Congresses: 16

Each Congress comes from one source, never merged: Stewart and Woon's assignment dataset (MIT) for the 103rd to the 115th; the legislators repo's own history for the 116th to the 118th. A Congress neither source covers is not shown. An older row whose committee code we could not map to this committee is not shown either; that does not mean the seat was empty.

118th Congress (2023-2025), 21 members on the legislators repo's own history

Bernard Sanders (Chairman), Bill Cassidy (Ranking Member), Patty Murray, Rand Paul, Robert P. Casey, Jr., Susan M. Collins, Lisa Murkowski, Tammy Baldwin, Christopher Murphy, Mike Braun, Roger Marshall, Tim Kaine, Margaret Wood Hassan, Mitt Romney, Tina Smith, Tommy Tuberville, Ben Ray Luján, Markwayne Mullin, John W. Hickenlooper, Ted Budd, Edward J. Markey

117th Congress (2021-2023), 22 members on the legislators repo's own history

Patty Murray (Chairman), Richard Burr (Ranking Member), Bernard Sanders, Rand Paul, Robert P. Casey, Jr., Susan M. Collins, Bill Cassidy, Tammy Baldwin, Christopher Murphy, Lisa Murkowski, Mike Braun, Tim Kaine, Margaret Wood Hassan, Roger Marshall, Tim Scott, Tina Smith, Jacky Rosen, Mitt Romney, Ben Ray Luján, Tommy Tuberville, Jerry Moran, John W. Hickenlooper

116th Congress (2019-2021), 23 members on the legislators repo's own history

Lamar Alexander (Chairman), Patty Murray (Ranking Member), Bernard Sanders, Michael B. Enzi, Richard Burr, Robert P. Casey, Jr., Rand Paul, Tammy Baldwin, Christopher Murphy, Susan M. Collins, Bill Cassidy, Elizabeth Warren, Pat Roberts, Tim Kaine, Lisa Murkowski, Margaret Wood Hassan, Tim Scott, Tina Smith, Doug Jones, Mitt Romney, Jacky Rosen, Mike Braun, Kelly Loeffler

115th Congress (2017-2019), 23 members on Stewart and Woon's assignment dataset (MIT)

Al Franken, Bernard Sanders, Bill Cassidy, Christopher Murphy, Elizabeth Warren, Johnny Isakson, Lamar Alexander, Lisa Murkowski, Margaret Wood Hassan, Michael B. Enzi, Michael F. Bennet, Orrin G. Hatch, Pat Roberts, Patty Murray, Rand Paul, Richard Burr, Robert P. Casey, Jr., Sheldon Whitehouse, Susan M. Collins, Tammy Baldwin, Tim Kaine, Tim Scott, Todd Young

114th Congress (2015-2017), 22 members on Stewart and Woon's assignment dataset (MIT)

Al Franken, Barbara A. Mikulski, Bernard Sanders, Bill Cassidy, Christopher Murphy, Elizabeth Warren, Johnny Isakson, Lamar Alexander, Lisa Murkowski, Mark Kirk, Michael B. Enzi, Michael F. Bennet, Orrin G. Hatch, Pat Roberts, Patty Murray, Rand Paul, Richard Burr, Robert P. Casey, Jr., Sheldon Whitehouse, Susan M. Collins, Tammy Baldwin, Tim Scott

113th Congress (2013-2015), 22 members on Stewart and Woon's assignment dataset (MIT)

Barbara A. Mikulski, Bernard Sanders, Christopher Murphy, Elizabeth Warren, Jeff Merkley, Johnny Isakson, Kay R. Hagan, Lamar Alexander, Lisa Murkowski, Mark Kirk, Michael B. Enzi, Michael F. Bennet, Orrin G. Hatch, Pat Roberts, Patty Murray, Rand Paul, Richard Burr, Robert P. Casey, Jr., Sheldon Whitehouse, Tammy Baldwin, Tim Scott, Tom Harkin

112th Congress (2011-2013), 22 members on Stewart and Woon's assignment dataset (MIT)

Al Franken, Barbara A. Mikulski, Bernard Sanders, Jeff Bingaman, Jeff Merkley, John McCain, Johnny Isakson, Kay R. Hagan, Lamar Alexander, Lisa Murkowski, Mark Kirk, Michael B. Enzi, Michael F. Bennet, Orrin G. Hatch, Pat Roberts, Patty Murray, Rand Paul, Richard Blumenthal, Richard Burr, Robert P. Casey, Jr., Sheldon Whitehouse, Tom Harkin

111th Congress (2009-2011), 24 members on Stewart and Woon's assignment dataset (MIT)

Al Franken, Barbara A. Mikulski, Bernard Sanders, Christopher Dodd, Edward Kennedy, Jack Reed, Jeff Bingaman, Jeff Merkley, John McCain, Johnny Isakson, Judd Gregg, Kay R. Hagan, Lamar Alexander, Lisa Murkowski, Michael B. Enzi, Michael F. Bennet, Orrin G. Hatch, Pat Roberts, Patty Murray, Richard Burr, Robert P. Casey, Jr., Sherrod Brown, Tom Coburn, Tom Harkin

110th Congress (2007-2009), 21 members on Stewart and Woon's assignment dataset (MIT)

Barack Obama, Barbara A. Mikulski, Bernard Sanders, Christopher Dodd, Edward Kennedy, Hillary Clinton, Jack Reed, Jeff Bingaman, Johnny Isakson, Judd Gregg, Lamar Alexander, Lisa Murkowski, Michael B. Enzi, Orrin G. Hatch, Pat Roberts, Patty Murray, Richard Burr, Sherrod Brown, Tom Coburn, Tom Harkin, Wayne Allard

109th Congress (2005-2007), 20 members on Stewart and Woon's assignment dataset (MIT)

Barbara A. Mikulski, Christopher Dodd, Edward Kennedy, Hillary Clinton, Jack Reed, Jeff Bingaman, Jeff Sessions, John Ensign, Johnny Isakson, Judd Gregg, Lamar Alexander, Michael B. Enzi, Michael DeWine, Orrin G. Hatch, Pat Roberts, Patty Murray, Richard Burr, Tom Harkin, William Frist, unmapped member

108th Congress (2003-2005), 21 members on Stewart and Woon's assignment dataset (MIT)

Barbara A. Mikulski, Christopher Bond, Christopher Dodd, Edward Kennedy, Hillary Clinton, Jack Reed, Jeff Bingaman, Jeff Sessions, John Edwards, John Ensign, John Warner, Judd Gregg, Lamar Alexander, Lindsey Graham, Michael B. Enzi, Michael DeWine, Pat Roberts, Patty Murray, Tom Harkin, William Frist, unmapped member

107th Congress (2001-2003), 21 members on Stewart and Woon's assignment dataset (MIT)

Barbara A. Mikulski, Christopher Bond, Christopher Dodd, Edward Kennedy, Hillary Clinton, Jack Reed, Jeff Bingaman, Jeff Sessions, John Edwards, John Warner, Judd Gregg, Michael B. Enzi, Michael DeWine, Pat Roberts, Patty Murray, Paul Wellstone, Susan M. Collins, Tim Hutchinson, Tom Harkin, William Frist, unmapped member

106th Congress (1999-2001), 18 members on Stewart and Woon's assignment dataset (MIT)

Barbara A. Mikulski, Charles Hagel, Christopher Dodd, Edward Kennedy, Jack Reed, Jeff Bingaman, Jeff Sessions, Judd Gregg, Michael B. Enzi, Michael DeWine, Patty Murray, Paul Wellstone, Samuel Brownback, Susan M. Collins, Tim Hutchinson, Tom Harkin, William Frist, unmapped member

105th Congress (1997-1999), 18 members on Stewart and Woon's assignment dataset (MIT)

Barbara A. Mikulski, Christopher Dodd, Daniel Coats, Edward Kennedy, Jack Reed, Jeff Bingaman, John Warner, Judd Gregg, Michael B. Enzi, Michael DeWine, Mitch McConnell, Patty Murray, Paul Wellstone, Susan M. Collins, Tim Hutchinson, Tom Harkin, William Frist, unmapped member

104th Congress (1995-1997), 17 members on Stewart and Woon's assignment dataset (MIT)

Barbara A. Mikulski, Christopher Dodd, Claiborne Pell, Daniel Coats, Duncan Faircloth, Edward Kennedy, John Ashcroft, Judd Gregg, Michael DeWine, Nancy Kassebaum, Paul Simon, Paul Wellstone, Spencer Abraham, T. Gorton, Tom Harkin, William Frist, unmapped member

103rd Congress (1993-1995), 17 members on Stewart and Woon's assignment dataset (MIT)

Barbara A. Mikulski, Christopher Dodd, Claiborne Pell, Daniel Coats, David Durenberger, Edward Kennedy, Harris Wofford, Howard Metzenbaum, J. Thurmond, Jeff Bingaman, Judd Gregg, Nancy Kassebaum, Orrin G. Hatch, Paul Simon, Paul Wellstone, Tom Harkin, unmapped member

Bills: 7,811 referred across 12 Congresses; 9,437 recorded actions by the committee

Referral is the record's own routing, not a claim about attention, and a bill can sit before several committees. Sorted newest action first, with the 30 most recent here. By Congress: 119th (860), 118th (1,014), 117th (994), 116th (858), 115th (583), 114th (561), 113th (508), 112th (430), 111th (535), 110th (604), 109th (461), 108th (403).

billtitlesponsorpolicy arealatest action
S 5498 (119th) A bill to amend the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act to add alpha-gal to the definition of "major food allergen". Mark R. Warner 2026-09-24
S 5499 (119th) A bill to amend the 21st Century Cures Act to reauthorize the Tick-Borne Disease Working Group, to reauthorize the Kay Hagan Tick Act, and for other purposes. Mark R. Warner 2026-09-24
S 5506 (119th) A bill to authorize Secretary of Labor to develop a comprehensive Federal Talent Strategy. Lisa Blunt Rochester 2026-09-24
S 5516 (119th) A bill to amend the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act to prohibit the introduction or delivery for introduction into interstate commerce of food packaging containing intentionally added PFAS, and for other purposes. Margaret Wood Hassan 2026-09-24
S 5520 (119th) A bill to amend the Public Health Service Act to require the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology to establish a national computable-guideline framework for cancer screening recommendations, and for other purposes. Chuck Grassley 2026-09-24
S 5524 (119th) A bill to amend the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act to address the economic and workforce impacts of substance use disorder. Edward J. Markey 2026-09-24
S 5539 (119th) A bill to require group health plans and group or individual health insurance coverage to provide coverage for over-the-counter contraceptives. Patty Murray 2026-09-24
S 5540 (119th) A bill to amend the Higher Education Act of 1965 to provide for teacher and school leader quality enhancement and to enhance institutional aid. Tim Kaine 2026-09-24
S 5546 (119th) A bill to provide women with increased access to preventive and life-saving cancer screening. Patty Murray 2026-09-24
S 5549 (119th) A bill to support educators. Jack Reed 2026-09-24
S 5554 (119th) A bill to modernize and strengthen Federal efforts to improve ovarian cancer awareness, hereditary cancer risk assessment, access to genetic counseling and testing, and access to specialty care, and for other purposes. Elissa Slotkin 2026-09-24
S 5559 (119th) A bill to provide for the basic needs of students at institutions of higher education. Alex Padilla 2026-09-24
S 5564 (119th) A bill to authorize the Secretary of Health and Human Services to carry out activities relating to neglected diseases of poverty. Cory A. Booker 2026-09-24
SRES 899 (119th) A resolution recognizing suicide as a serious public health problem and expressing support for the designation of September as "National Suicide Prevention Month". Christopher Murphy 2026-09-24
SRES 901 (119th) A resolution recognizing that the United States needs to support and strengthen mothers in the workforce by investing in the Mom Economy. Tammy Duckworth 2026-09-24
SRES 906 (119th) A resolution supporting the designation of the week of August 24 through August 28, 2026, as the fourth annual "National Community Health Worker Awareness Week". Ron Wyden 2026-09-24
SRES 907 (119th) A resolution supporting the designation of September 2026 as "National Ovarian Cancer Awareness Month". Elissa Slotkin 2026-09-24
SRES 908 (119th) A resolution supporting the designation of the week of September 21 through September 25, 2026, as "National Hazing Awareness Week". Amy Klobuchar Education 2026-09-24
SRES 910 (119th) A resolution expressing support for the designation of October 2026 as "Lewy Body Dementia Awareness Month". Cory A. Booker 2026-09-24
S 5467 (119th) A bill to amend the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 to expand the Magnet Schools Assistance Program. Christopher Murphy 2026-09-23
S 5468 (119th) A bill to divert Federal funding away from supporting the presence of police in schools and toward evidence-based and trauma informed services that address the needs of marginalized students and improve academic outcomes, and for other purposes. Christopher Murphy 2026-09-23
S 5470 (119th) A bill to prohibit the use of corporal punishment in schools, and for other purposes. Christopher Murphy 2026-09-23
S 5488 (119th) A bill to establish a program to address sickle cell disease and other heritable hemoglobinopathies. Chris Van Hollen 2026-09-23
S 5489 (119th) A bill to amend the Public Health Service Act to authorize a scholarship and loan repayment program to incentivize physicians to enter into the field of sickle cell disease research, treatment, and patient care, and for other purposes. Chris Van Hollen 2026-09-23
SRES 863 (119th) A resolution expressing support for designation of the week of September 13 through 19, 2026, as "National Adult Education and Family Literacy Week". Jack Reed 2026-09-23
S 5449 (119th) Mothers and Newborns Success Act Tim Kaine 2026-09-22
S 5451 (119th) A bill to amend the Higher Education Act of 1965 to require that recipients of Pell Grants be citizens or nationals of the United States. Jim Banks 2026-09-22
HR 7890 (119th) Science of Reading Act of 2026 Erin Houchin Education 2026-09-17
S 5425 (119th) Addiction Grants Modernization Act Margaret Wood Hassan 2026-09-17
S 5430 (119th) South Asian Heart Health Awareness and Research Act of 2026 Cory A. Booker 2026-09-17

Lobbyists: 14 disclosed a covered position naming this committee

These rows come from the covered-position field on LD-2 filings, matched to this committee only when the filed text names it together with its chamber; ambiguous text is left out. The field is self-reported and systematically underreported, so absence means a position was not disclosed, never that there is no government history. ‡ self-reported text

lobbyist, as filedcovered position, as filedfilingsregistrants
JENNIFER LEIB Fellow, Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions 142 IPOLICY SOLUTIONS
MICKAYLA STOGSDILL Intern, Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee (2018) 37 ARNOLD & PORTER KAYE SCHOLER LLP
MICHAEL KREPS Former Pensions Counsel, Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee 30 GROOM LAW GROUP, CHARTERED
AMANDA LINCOLN Staff Director, Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee; Legislative Director, Sen. Mike Enzi; Health Policy Director, Sen. Susan Collins 24 BUCHANAN INGERSOLL & ROONEY PC
DANA WEEKES Intern, Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee (2002) 12 ARNOLD & PORTER KAYE SCHOLER LLP
ANDREW VOGT Health Professional Staff Member, Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee; Legislative Assistant, Senator Mark Kirk 12 ANDREW VOGT STRATEGIES LLC
CJ MAHLER Intern, Sen. Corker (2016); Intern, Senate Foreign Relations Committee (2017); Intern, Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee (2018) 11 ARNOLD & PORTER KAYE SCHOLER LLP
TYLER SHRIVE Professional Health Staff - Sen. Lamar Alexander (TN)/Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee 10 ENHABIT HOME HEALTH & HOSPICE
BRODY GARLAND Intern, Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions (HELP) Committee; Intern, Senator Cory Booker 9 K&L GATES, LLP
ANDREA ZUNIGA Members of the Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee and the House Energy & Commerce Committee; Members of House and Senate Democratic Leadership; WH OPE (Will McIntee and Erika Dinkel-Smith) 4 ANZU STRATEGIES
KARA TOWNSEND Deputy Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; Professional Staff, U.S. Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions; Staff Assistant, Office of Sen. Mitch McConnell 1 HCA HEALTHCARE, INC.
KEYARMIN HAMADANCHY Counsel, Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions (Sen. Tom Harkin); Legislative Assistant, Sen. Sherrod Brown; Oversight Counsel, House Committee on Education and Labor (Rep. Bobby Scott). 1 AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION
TODD TUTEN Chief Counsel for the U.S. Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions (HELP), Chaired by Sen. Bill Cassidy, R-La. ETHICS RESTRICTION: NO SENATE LOBBYING. 1 KING & SPALDING LLP
CHARLES CLAPTON Chief Health Counsel, House Energy & Commerce Cmte; Chief Health Counsel, House Ways & Means Cmte; Policy Advisor, Rep. Hastert; Health Policy Dir., Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Cmte. 1 MERCK & CO, INC.

Oversight: 3 agencies under this committee's authorizing jurisdiction

These are the agencies this committee authorizes, from our reviewed list; an agency missing here may not be listed yet. Contractors are each agency's largest recipients for the year, with USAspending's own figures, never summed here. The lobbying column counts filings whose client name matches the contractor's exactly, so other spellings are missed. This table as data. ‡ jurisdiction, not causation ‡ correlation, not purchase

Agencies: Department of Health and Human Services, Department of Education, Department of Labor.

FYagencycontractor, as publishedobligations, the source's figurelobbying filings
2026 Department of Health and Human Services MULTIPLE RECIPIENTS $1,158.6B
2026 Department of Health and Human Services HEALTH CARE SERVICES, CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF $118.2B
2026 Department of Health and Human Services NYS DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH $73.3B
2026 Department of Health and Human Services HEALTH & HUMAN SVC COMMN TX $39.0B
2026 Department of Health and Human Services PA DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN SERVICES $36.0B
2026 Department of Health and Human Services NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES $29.8B
2026 Department of Health and Human Services OHIO DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAID $29.1B
2026 Department of Health and Human Services FLORIDA AGENCY FOR HEALTH CARE ADMINISTRATION $28.0B
2026 Department of Health and Human Services ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF HEALTHCARE & FAMILY SERVICES $25.5B
2026 Department of Health and Human Services MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES $24.3B
2026 Department of Health and Human Services DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL & HEALTH SERVICES $20.7B
2026 Department of Health and Human Services HUMAN SERVICES, NEW JERSEY DEPARTMENT OF $20.2B
2026 Department of Health and Human Services ARIZONA HEALTH CARE COST CONTAINMENT SYSTEM $18.9B
2026 Department of Health and Human Services HEALTH SERVICES KENTUCKY CABINET FOR $18.9B
2026 Department of Health and Human Services VA DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL ASSISTANCE SERVICE $17.6B
2026 Department of Health and Human Services OREGON HEALTH AUTHORITY-PUBLIC HEALTH $16.5B
2026 Department of Health and Human Services THE COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS $16.2B
2026 Department of Health and Human Services GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY HEALTH $14.9B
2026 Department of Health and Human Services DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES MISSO $14.8B
2026 Department of Health and Human Services INDIANA FAMILY AND SOCIAL SERV $14.7B
2026 Department of Health and Human Services LOUSIANA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH $14.6B
2026 Department of Health and Human Services MINNESOTA DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN SERVICES $14.0B
2026 Department of Health and Human Services MARYLAND DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH $12.7B
2026 Department of Health and Human Services FINANCE & ADMINISTRATION TENNESSEE DEPAR $12.2B
2026 Department of Health and Human Services STATE OF COLORADO - DEPT OF HEALTH CARE POLICY & FINANCING $11.7B
2026 Department of Health and Human Services STATE OF WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH SERVICES $10.3B
2026 Department of Health and Human Services NEW MEXICO HEALTH CARE AUTHORITY $9.7B
2026 Department of Health and Human Services OKLAHOMA HEALTH CARE AUTHORITY $8.9B
2026 Department of Health and Human Services DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES $8.2B
2026 Department of Health and Human Services DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES CONNECTICUT $7.6B
2026 Department of Health and Human Services DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES CALIFORNIA $7.6B
2026 Department of Health and Human Services HUMAN SERVICES, ARKANSAS DEPARTMENT OF $7.2B
2026 Department of Health and Human Services IA DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN SERVICES $6.8B
2026 Department of Health and Human Services ALABAMA MEDICAID AGENCY $6.7B
2026 Department of Health and Human Services MISSISSIPPI DIVISION OF MEDICAID $6.3B
2026 Department of Health and Human Services NEVADA DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN SERVICES $6.0B
2026 Department of Health and Human Services HEALTH AND HUMAN RESOURCES, WEST VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF $5.5B
2026 Department of Health and Human Services KANSAS DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & ENVIRONMENT $5.1B
2026 Department of Health and Human Services HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, MAINE DEPARTMENT OF $4.3B
2026 Department of Health and Human Services NEBRASKA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES $4.2B

Coverage: the member list is the current assignments in the legislators file , pulled 19 Oct 2026. Stewart and Woon's assignment dataset (MIT) covers the 103rd to the 115th. the legislators repo's own history covers the 116th to the 118th. Bills and actions cover the loaded Congresses , the 108th to the 119th here. Lobbyist matches cover the lobbying disclosure years we have collected. Something missing from a card is missing from those records for those years. It does not prove there was no activity. ‡ lobbying estimates ‡ jurisdiction, not causation ‡ votes, not motives